Holographic diffuser by use of a silver halide sensitized gelatin process

Sun Il Kim; Yoon Sun Choi; Yong Nam Ham; Chong Yun Park; Jong Man Kim

doi:10.1364/AO.42.002482

Applied Optics
Vol. 42,
Issue 14,
pp. 2482-2491
(2003)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.42.002482

Holographic diffuser by use of a silver halide sensitized gelatin process

Sun Il Kim, Yoon Sun Choi, Yong Nam Ham, Chong Yun Park, and Jong Man Kim

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Sun Il Kim, Yoon Sun Choi, Yong Nam Ham, Chong Yun Park, and Jong Man Kim, "Holographic diffuser by use of a silver halide sensitized gelatin process," Appl. Opt. 42, 2482-2491 (2003)

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Abstract

Diffusers play an important role in liquid-crystal display (LCD) application as a beam-shaping device, a brightness homogenizer, a light-scattering device, and an imaging screen. The transmittance and diffusing angle of the diffusers are the critical aspects for the applications to the LCD. The holographic diffusers by use of various processing methods have been investigated. The diffusing characteristics of different diffusing materials and processing methods have been evaluated and compared. The microstructures of holographic diffusers have been investigated by use of using scanning electron microscopy. The holographic diffusers by use of the silver halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) method have the structural merits for the improvement of the quality of diffusers. The features of holographic diffuser were exceptional in terms of transmittance and diffusing angle. The replication method by use of the SHSG process can be directly used for the manufacturing of diffusers for the display application.

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Procedure	Treatment	Condition
Exposure	Argon-ion Laser (514 nm)
Prehardening	Formalin bath (PFG-03C)	7 min at room temperature
Developing	Agfa G282c (1:4 diluted)	3 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Bleaching	Rehalogenating bleach	5 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Fixing	Diluted fixer	3 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Hot deionized water		10 min at 45∼70° C
Drying	50%: 50%, (Isopropanol: deionized water)	3 min at 30° C
100% isopropanol	—	3 min at 30° C
100% isopropanol	—	2 min at <75° C

Samples	Diffusing angle @ FWHM (deg)				Transmitted power (μW/cm²)	Vertical angle (deg)	Horizontal angle (deg)
Samples	Up	Down	Left	Right	Transmitted power (μW/cm²)	Vertical angle (deg)	Horizontal angle (deg)
POC80	9.2	9.2	8.5	8.4	4.8	34.1	31.5
Ground glass	7.2	6.7	6	7.4	9.8	26.1	25.2
SH/POC30	5.5	5.2	5.5	5.5	23	20.2	20.8
SH/POC80	6.7	6.2	6	6	21	24.3	22.6
SH/GG	6.3	6.2	6.3	6.7	19	23.5	24.4
SH/Plastic	6.3	5.6	5	5.6	21	22.4	20.0
SHSG/POC80	7.1	7.1	7	7	17	26.6	26.3
SHSG/GG	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	18	17.1	17.4

No.	Spacing (cm)	Energy (mJ/cm²)	Transmission power (μW/cm²)	Diffusing angle (Vertical)	Diffusing angle (Horizontal)
1	15	2.5	25	12.9	13.3
2	30	2	11	21.7	20.8
3	0	2	22	12.9	13.5
4	5	1.5	13	26.1	25.7
5	5	2.5	13.2	27.5	27.2
6	15	1.5	17.5	17.8	18.2
7	25	2.5	20	19.5	19.5
8	15	2	22	18.2	18.9
9	15	2	26	15.7	15.7
10	25	1.5	16.6	12.9	14.4
11	15	2	18	15.7	15.7
12	15	2	23.5	15.4	13.9
13	15	2	20	15.4	13.9

Procedure	Treatment	Condition
Exposure	Argon-ion Laser (514 nm)
Prehardening	Formalin bath (PFG-03C)	7 min at room temperature
Developing	Agfa G282c (1:4 diluted)	3 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Bleaching	Rehalogenating bleach	5 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Fixing	Diluted fixer	3 min at room temperature
Washing	Running deionized water	At least 3 min
Hot deionized water		10 min at 45∼70° C
Drying	50%: 50%, (Isopropanol: deionized water)	3 min at 30° C
100% isopropanol	—	3 min at 30° C
100% isopropanol	—	2 min at <75° C

Samples	Diffusing angle @ FWHM (deg)				Transmitted power (μW/cm²)	Vertical angle (deg)	Horizontal angle (deg)
Samples	Up	Down	Left	Right	Transmitted power (μW/cm²)	Vertical angle (deg)	Horizontal angle (deg)
POC80	9.2	9.2	8.5	8.4	4.8	34.1	31.5
Ground glass	7.2	6.7	6	7.4	9.8	26.1	25.2
SH/POC30	5.5	5.2	5.5	5.5	23	20.2	20.8
SH/POC80	6.7	6.2	6	6	21	24.3	22.6
SH/GG	6.3	6.2	6.3	6.7	19	23.5	24.4
SH/Plastic	6.3	5.6	5	5.6	21	22.4	20.0
SHSG/POC80	7.1	7.1	7	7	17	26.6	26.3
SHSG/GG	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	18	17.1	17.4

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Applied Optics