Laser beacon system for aircraft collision hazard determination

Richard B. Miles

doi:10.1364/AO.19.002098

Applied Optics
Vol. 19,
Issue 13,
pp. 2098-2108
(1980)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.002098

Laser beacon system for aircraft collision hazard determination

Richard B. Miles

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Richard B. Miles, "Laser beacon system for aircraft collision hazard determination," Appl. Opt. 19, 2098-2108 (1980)

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Abstract

A laser beacon collision hazard determination system is capable of simultaneously determining range, bearing, and heading of threat aircraft. Calculations demonstrate that threat aircraft may be observed at >10 km under good visibility conditions. When the visibility is limited to 5.6 km (3 nautical miles), the shortest possible warning time for aircraft below 3000 m (10,000 ft) can be >15 sec. A wide variety of detection systems may be chosen based on cost, detection range, and sophistication. Traffic saturation is not a problem since closer aircraft produce easily distinguishable signals so traffic may be prioritized. Preliminary tests demonstrate that accurate range measurements are possible under daylight conditions.

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		0.1 km	0.3 km	1.0 km	3.0 km	10.0 km
w₀ = 4 cm	w (cm)	4	4.04	4.5	7.25	20.5
	I₀ (W/cm²)	9.25 × 10⁻⁸	3.05 × 10⁻⁸	8.23 × 10⁻⁹	1.70 × 10⁻⁹	1.81 × 10⁻¹⁰
	Δt (sec)	6.37 × 10⁻⁵	2.14 × 10⁻⁵	7.16 × 10⁻⁶	3.84 × 10⁻⁶	3.26 × 10⁻⁶
	I_{b _max} (W/cm²)	5.20 × 10⁻³	5.67 × 10⁻⁴	4.10 × 10⁻⁵	1.76 × 10⁻⁶	2.00 × 10⁻⁸
	I_{b _max}* (W/cm²)	5.20 × 10⁻¹	5.67 × 10⁻²	4.10 × 10⁻³	1.76 × 10⁻⁴	2.00 × 10⁻⁶
w₀ = 10 cm	w (cm)	10.0	10.0	10.03	10.3	12.8
	I₀ (W/cm²)	3.70 × 10⁻⁸	1.23 × 10⁻⁸	3.69 × 10⁻⁹	1.20 × 10⁻⁹	2.89 × 10⁻¹⁰
	Δt (sec)	1.59 × 10⁻⁴	5.31 × 10⁻⁵	1.60 × 10⁻⁵	5.46 × 10⁻⁶	2.04 × 10⁻⁶
	I_{b _max} (W/cm²)	8.40 × 10⁻⁴	9.23 × 10⁻⁵	8.30 × 10⁻⁶	8.78 × 10⁻⁷	5.10 × 10⁻⁸
	I_{b _max}* (W/cm²)	8.40 × 10⁻²	9.23 × 10⁻³	8.30 × 10⁻⁴	8.78 × 10⁻⁵	5.10 × 10⁻⁶

	10⁻² sr (W/cm²)	10⁻¹ sr (W/cm²)	1 sr (W/cm²)
1-GHz filter
Direct sunlight	1.6 × 10⁻⁷	1.6 × 10⁻⁷	1.6 × 10⁻⁷
Sunlit cloud	2.5 × 10⁻¹⁰	2.5 × 10⁻⁹	2.5 × 10⁻⁸
Sky (observed horizontally)	7.8 × 10⁻¹¹	7.8 × 10⁻¹⁰	7.8 × 10⁻⁹
3-Å filter (225 GHz)
Direct sunlight	3.5 × 10⁻⁵	3.5 × 10⁻⁵	3.5 × 10⁻⁵
Sunlit cloud	5.6 × 10⁻⁸	5.6 × 10⁻⁷	5.6 × 10⁻⁶
Sky (observed horizontally)	1.7 × 10⁻⁸	1.7 × 10⁻⁷	1.7 × 10⁻⁶
10-Å filter (749 GHz)
Direct sunlight	1.2 × 10⁻⁴	1.2 × 10⁻⁴	1.2 × 10⁻⁴
Sunlit cloud	1.9 × 10⁻⁷	1.9 × 10⁻⁶	1.9 × 10⁻⁵
Sky (observed horizontally)	5.8 × 10⁻⁸	5.8 × 10⁻⁷	5.8 × 10⁻⁶
100-Å filter (7490 GHz)
Direct sunlight	1.2 × 10⁻⁸	1.2 × 10⁻³	1.2 × 10⁻³
Sunlit cloud	1.9 × 10⁻⁶	1.9 × 10⁻⁵	1.9 × 10⁻⁴
Sky (observed horizontally)	5.8 × 10⁻⁷	5.8 × 10⁻⁶	5.8 × 10⁻⁵

	10⁻² sr (km)		10⁻¹ sr (km)		1 sr (km)
1-GHz filter
Direct sunlight	5.80	19.0	5.80	19.0	5.80	19.0
Sunlit cloud	30.00	95.0	17.00	54.0	9.40	30.0
Sky (observed horizontally)	40.00	130.0	23.00	72.0	13.00	40.0
3-Å filter (225 GHz)
Direct sunlight	1.10	4.7	1.10	4.7	1.10	4.7
Sunlit cloud	7.70	25.0	4.20	14.0	2.10	7.7
Sky (observed horizontally)	10.00	33.0	5.70	19.0	3.00	10.0
10-Å filter (749 GHz)
Direct sunlight	0.66	3.4	0.66	3.4	0.66	3.4
Sunlit cloud	5.60	18.0	2.90	10.0	1.40	5.6
Sky (observed horizontally)	7.60	24.0	4.10	14.0	2.10	7.6
100-Å (7490 GHz)
Direct sunlight	0.21	1.6	0.21	1.6	0.21	1.6
Sunlit cloud	2.90	10.0	1.40	5.6	0.52	2.9
Sky (observed horizontally)	4.10	14.0	2.10	7.6	0.87	4.1

	10⁻² sr (km)		10⁻¹ sr (km)		1 sr (km)
1-GHz filter
Direct sunlight	1.30	2.10	1.30	2.10	1.30	2.10
Sunlit cloud	2.50	3.40	2.00	2.90	1.60	2.50
Sky (observed horizontally)	2.70	3.60	2.30	3.20	1.80	2.70
3-Å filter (225 GHz)
Direct sunlight	0.47	1.20	0.47	1.20	0.47	1.20
Sunlit cloud	1.50	2.30	1.10	1.90	0.72	1.50
Sky (observed horizontally)	1.70	2.60	1.30	2.10	0.90	1.70
10-Å filter (749 GHz)
Direct sunlight	0.34	1.00	0.34	1.00	0.34	1.00
Sunlit cloud	1.30	2.10	0.88	1.70	0.55	1.30
Sky (observed horizontally)	1.50	2.30	1.10	1.90	0.71	1.50
100-Å (7490 GHz)
Direct sunlight	0.15	0.61	0.15	0.61	0.15	0.61
Sunlit cloud	0.88	1.70	0.55	1.30	0.29	0.90
Sky (observed horizontally)	1.10	1.90	0.71	1.50	0.42	1.10

		0.1 km	0.3 km	1.0 km	3.0 km	10.0 km
w₀ = 4 cm	I_rr (W/cm²)	7.4 × 10⁻⁸	2.7 × 10⁻⁹	6.7 × 10⁻¹¹	1.5 × 10⁻¹²	1.4 × 10⁻¹⁴
	I_{b _max} (W/cm²)	3.3 × 10⁻³	4.4 × 10⁻⁶	2.7 × 10⁻⁹	1.4 × 10⁻¹²	1.3 × 10⁻¹⁶
	I_{b _max}* (W/cm²)	3.3 × 10⁻¹	4.4 × 10⁻⁴	2.7 × 10⁻⁷	1.4 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.3 × 10⁻¹⁴
w₀ = 10 cm	I_rr (W/cm²)	3.0 × 10⁻⁸	1.1 × 10⁻⁹	3.0 × 10⁻¹¹	1.1 × 10⁻¹²	2.3 × 10⁻¹⁴
	I_{b _max} (W/cm²)	5.5 × 10⁻⁴	7.4 × 10⁻⁷	5.5 × 10⁻¹⁰	7.4 × 10⁻¹³	3.2 × 10⁻¹⁶
	I_{b _max}* (W/cm²)	5.5 × 10⁻²	7.4 × 10⁻⁵	5.5 × 10⁻⁸	7.4 × 10⁻¹¹	3.2 × 10⁻¹⁴

Abstract

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Figures (6)

Tables (5)

Equations (34)

Applied Optics